This visual/vfx tutorial shows you what bitmaps, pixmaps or rasters are and why retro video games had color limitations.
A bitmap, pixmap or raster is a digital image that holds a raster (pixels) where each cell (pixel) holds a color information. The size of the color information times the total cells (pixels) defines how much storage each bitmap occupies. Bitmaps, pixmaps or rasters are more commonly know in a standard format like .jpeg, .png, .gif.
The standard nowadays is 32 bit which has millions of colors (2 to the power of 32 = 4.294.967.296). A part of the information is being used for alpha channels instead of the color information itself.
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